How Scholarships Morphed into Financial Aid
August 30, 2010
By Jackson Toby
This excerpt from Jackson Toby's latest book, The Lowering of Higher Education in America: Why Financial Aid Should Be Based on Student Performance, will appear in the forthcoming fall issue of Academic Questions (vol. 23, no. 3).
Atlas Black Shrugs
August 26, 2010
By Jason Fertig
The first comic book textbook combines management jargon and theories and packages them into a story about a slacker student's attempt to become an entrepreneur.
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- Last on 08/27/2010
Ravitch Repentant
August 17, 2010
By Peter Cohee
Peter Cohee reviews Diane Ravitch's book, a partial volte-face, The Death and Life of the Great American School System: How Testing and Choice Are Undermining Education.
Not to take away from the excellence of this speech, there is a point about "vocationalism" that needs to be addressed.
At least four times in our history, the people (through the government) expanded academia for strictly vocational purposes. The Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 created public colleges (now universities) to promote training in the agricultural and mechanical arts (A&M). At the time some believed that this was an exclusive charge, that the liberal arts could not even be taught at these "land grant" institutions. Wiser minds prevailed and these colleges became the great state universities of today.
At least in the East there were the so-called "normal schools' which were created for the vocational purpose of training schoolteachers. Specific examples that come to mind are Framingham State College (MA), Salem State College (MA), University of Maine Farmington and University of Southern Maine.
The first great expansion of higher education, the "GI Bill of Rights" was inherently vocational in intent, it was designed to prevent what had happened after WW-I with large numbers of unemployed veterans unable to find work. The second great expansion in the '60s involved the creation of the community colleges, institutions with an inherent vocational charge. (It needs to be remembered that half the students in higher education attend a community college.)
And one can not overlook the massive defense spending during fifty years of war (1941-1991) as we fought first the Nazis and then the Soviets. Arguably these efforts were of a vocational nature and while we enjoy great spinoffs (including the internet, designed as a means of military communication after a nucular war), the purpose of this funding (and the "National Defense" loans to students) was clearly directed to this purpose.
Hence, I argue, higher education has always had a strong vocational aspect and intent. Even back to Harvard being founded to train ministers, the vocational aspect was always present in most institutions of higher education. The deal was that this vocational training could also include a core curriculum, that while being trained in vocational skills, that the students could be exposed to the greatness of western culture. That being a citizen in a participatory democracy is itself a vocation and that training in the liberal arts is thus itself vocational.
First, how can we ask (or permit) students to borrow vast sums of money without including some vocational aspect to their education -- otherwise, how are they to repay these loans?
Second, the fact that academia has largely abandoned the teaching of Western culture, as so clearly articulated here, does not negate the almost faustian bargan that was struck in the late 19th Century, that public higher education would have a core curriculum of liberal arts and the Western tradition, but would also have an inherent vocational aspect and intent.
by Ed Posted on 01/21/2009